Series: Financial Inclusion Report.
Author: Banco de España
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Abstract
The 2025 Financial Inclusion Report has two main focuses: in-person access to banking services and cash, and the financial inclusion of immigrants:
- Despite the reduction in bank branches and automated teller machines (ATMs), in-person access to banking services improved between 2021 and end-2024 in terms of municipality and population coverage, thanks to the roll-out of mobile branches (ofibuses), which has intensified over the past year. Customers’ assessment of banking services has improved.
- The financial literacy and practices of the immigrant population in Spain does not differ substantially from that of the Spanish-born population, suggesting that there is no general financial inclusion gap separating the two groups.
- However, irregular immigrants face barriers to access to banking services: the number of basic payment accounts at the start of 2025 was less than one for every eight irregular immigrants.