Series: Working Papers. 2548.
Author: Adina-Elena Fudulache and María del Carmen Castillo Lozoya
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Abstract
We exploit banks’ early repayments of targeted longer-term refinancing operations (TLTRO) following the program’s recalibration in October 2022 as a laboratory to uncover demand drivers of central bank liquidity. We formulate and estimate a discrete-time hazard model to early exit from TLTRO to identify what bank (country) characteristics drive a sticky, prolonged demand for central bank (long-term) operations as opposed to an early exit from such facilities. We also examine whether the more liquidity-risk exposed banks during the TLTRO phasing out period had a higher probability of becoming “liquidity dependent” on the ECB when exiting (Acharya et al., 2023). Finally, we discuss the policy implications of our findings, particularly in the context of the recent review of the ECB’s operational framework.